Summary lecture 1 ch.1 chemistry secondary 3 part 2

🧪 Transition Elements – Uses & Compounds

1)Manganese Compounds

Manganese Dioxide (MnO₂):

Used as an oxidizing agent in dry cells.

Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄):

Used as an antiseptic substance and an oxidizing agent.

Manganese (II) Sulphate (MnSO₄):

Used as a fungicide.

 

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2) Iron (Fe) Uses

Applications:

1. Reinforced concrete

 

2. Surgical tools

 

3. Electric pylons

 

4. Knives and guns

 

As a Catalyst:

1. In the manufacture of ammonia (NH₃) by the Haber-Bosch Method.

 

2. In the conversion of water gas (H₂ + CO) into fuel by the Fischer-Tropsch Method.

 

 

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3) Cobalt (Co – 27)

Properties & Uses:

1. Manufacture of magnets

 

2. Manufacture of modern dry batteries used in cars

 

3. Has 12 radioactive isotopes → most important: Cobalt-60

 

Cobalt-60 Applications:

Medical: Diagnosis & treatment of tumors (produces strong γ-rays).

Industrial: Detecting cracks, welding connections, quality control.

Food: Used in preservation processes.

 

 

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4) Nickel (Ni – 28)

Applications:

1. Rechargeable batteries (Nickel-Cadmium type)

 

2. Acid storage vessels (forms rust-resistant alloys with steel)

 

3. Heating coils & electric furnaces (Ni–Cr alloy)

 

4. Electroplating (protects metals from rust, gives shiny appearance)

 

5. Divided nickel → used as a catalyst in hydrogenation of oils (details in Ch.5).

 

 

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5)Copper (Cu) & its Compounds

Copper Alloys:

Bronze: Cu + Sn (copper + tin)

Brass: Cu + Zn (copper + zinc)

Uses: Coins industry, electric cables

 

Copper Compounds:

Copper (II) Sulphate (CuSO₄): Used as insecticide, fungicide, water purification.

Fehling’s Solution: Detects glucose (blue → orange in presence of glucose).

 

 

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6) Zinc (Zn) & its Compounds

:

Galvanization process → coating metals with zinc to prevent rusting.

Zinc Compounds:

Zinc (II) Oxide (ZnO): Used in paints, rubber, cosmetics.

Zinc (II) Sulphide (ZnS): Used in illuminating paints, X-ray screens.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Part of the last summary

Transition Elements

Transition elements are:

Main Transition (d-block): These elements are found in the d-block of the periodic table.

Inner Transition (f-block): These elements are found in the f-block of the periodic table, which includes the lanthanides and actinides.

الأرقام اللاتينية:
I = 1
II = 2
III = 3
IV = 4
V = 5
VI = 6
VII = 7
VIII = 8

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d-block (Transition Elements)

Location: Found in the middle section of the periodic table.

Divided into four series:

1. First Transition Series (3d series): Scandium (Sc21) to Zinc (Zn30), located in the 4th period.

2. Second Transition Series (4d series): Yttrium (Y39) to Cadmium (Cd48), located in the 5th period.

3. Third Transition Series (5d series): Lanthanum (La57) to Mercury (Hg80), located in the 6th period.

4. Fourth Transition Series (6d series).

 

Note: عمود رقم (8,9,10) كلهم جروب واحد اسمه (group 8).

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Elements in First Transition Series

أعلى نسبة وجود Fe.

أقل نسبة وجود Sc.

Applications of Scandium:

1. Scandium-Aluminum Alloy: Described as "light and very hard," used in "Mig fighter jets."

2. Scandium in Mercury Vapor Lamps: Used "to produce strong light like sunlight," making it suitable for "TV photography at night."

 

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2) Titanium (Ti22)

Properties: Strong like steel but with lower density.

Applications:

1. Titanium-Aluminum alloys are used in the manufacture of aircraft and space shuttles because they maintain their durability at high temperatures.

2. Dental Implants and Artificial Joints: Used in these applications because titanium is an inert element, meaning the body does not readily reject it, and it is non-poisonous.

 

Titanium Dioxide (TiO2):

Applications: Sun Protection Cosmetics: Used in sunscreens and other cosmetics because its nanoparticles prevent the effect of ultraviolet (UV) rays on the skin, acting as a physical barrier to reflect and scatter UV radiation.

 

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3) Uses of Vanadium

1. Vanadium (Ferrovanadium Alloy with Steel): Used in car springs because adding a small amount of Vanadium to the steel gives hardness and ability to resist corrosion (rust).

2. Vanadium Pentoxide (V2O5):

Used in dyes for glass and ceramics.

Used as a catalyst in the manufacture of strong magnetic conductors.

 

 

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4) Summary of the Notes on Chromium

Uses of Chromium:

1. Leather Tanning.

2. Metal Painting (plating): Chromium is used in metal plating and painting due to its chemical activity and resistance to atmospheric air, due to "passivity."

 

Passivity:

Definition: Formation of a non-porous layer of metal oxide which prevents further oxidation, corrosion, and rust of the underlying metal.

Compounds of Chromium:

1. Chromium (III) Oxide (Cr₂O₃): Used in dyes.

2. Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇): Used as an oxidizing agent

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5) Manganese (Mn) (الهش)

Properties:

Manganese is a brittle metal and is not used in its pure form in industries because of this property.

Instead, it is predominantly used as an alloy or a component within compounds.

Uses of Manganese Alloys:

1. Ferro Manganese Alloy (Steel + Manganese): Used in railway tracks because the addition of manganese makes steel harder and stronger than steel.

2. Manganese with Aluminum Alloy: Used in soft drink cans due to its ability to resist corrosion.